Why SEL Matters: Development Begins Early

Social and emotional development does not suddenly begin when children enter school. It develops through a combination of biology, relationships, experiences, and the environments in which children grow.

Prenatal Development and Care

Development begins before birth. Prenatal health can influence fetal growth and brain development, which provide an important foundation for later development. Regular prenatal care allows health professionals to monitor the health of the pregnant person and fetus and identify potential concerns. Nutrition, management of health conditions, avoidance of harmful substances, and access to social support are important components of healthy prenatal development. 

For example, exposure to alcohol during pregnancy can result in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, which can have lifelong effects on development. Nicotine exposure can also harm fetal brain and lung development. ACOG+1

Educators should remember, however, that prenatal experiences are risk and protective factors—not predictions of a child's future. Children develop within complex systems, and supportive relationships and interventions can promote resilience.

 

Early Childhood Experiences

The relationships and experiences children have during infancy and early childhood help establish patterns for interacting with others and managing emotions.

Responsive caregivers who consistently comfort, communicate with, and respond to children can help children develop a sense of safety and trust. In contrast, chronic adversity, neglect, instability, or exposure to violence can increase the risk of difficulties with emotional regulation, relationships, and later adjustment.

Longitudinal research has found connections between early adversity and later adolescent social-emotional difficulties. Importantly, research also shows that supportive early interventions can promote resilience and reduce some negative effects of adversity. (PubMed Central (PMC)+1)

Early experiences are therefore important, but they are not destiny. Adolescence remains a period of significant growth and opportunity. Positive relationships with caring adults, supportive schools, and opportunities to practice SEL skills can help young people develop new strengths.